Hudson, Larry E. To have and to hold: slave work and family life in antebellum South Carolina. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1997.
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Jewell, Joseph O. Race, social reform, and the making of a middle class: the American Missionary Association and Black Atlanta, 1870-1900. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.
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Kijakazi, Kilolo. African-American economic development and small business ownership. New York: Garland Pub, 1997.
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Moore, Jacqueline M. Leading the race: the transformation of the Black elite in the nation's capital, 1880-1920. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999.
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Penningroth, Dylan C. The claims of kinfolk: African American property and community in the nineteenth-century South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022.
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